tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24437606007882785722023-11-15T08:19:01.657-08:00chukiat082นายฟิวส์หมูอ้วนhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02572710182644492856noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2443760600788278572.post-30051993723017546112012-01-25T18:59:00.001-08:002012-01-25T18:59:51.033-08:00<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
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ลินุกซ์</h1>
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จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี</div>
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<i>บทความนี้เกี่ยวกับระบบปฏิบัติการ สำหรับตัวเคอร์เนล ดูที่ <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล">ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล</a></i></div>
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<tr class=""><td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Tux.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tux นกเพนกวิน สัญลักษณ์ของลินุกซ์"><img alt="Tux นกเพนกวิน สัญลักษณ์ของลินุกซ์" height="176" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/150px-Tux.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><br /><span>Tux นกเพนกวิน สัญลักษณ์ของลินุกซ์</span></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ตระกูล</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ระบบปฏิบัติการแบบยูนิกซ์">แบบยูนิกซ์</a></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">สถานะ</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;">ยังพัฒนาอยู่</td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="วงจรชีวิตของการพัฒนาซอฟต์แวร์">รุ่นเสถียร</a></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-indent: 0em;">
2.6.23.13 (<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล">ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล</a>)</div>
/ <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="9 มกราคม">9 มกราคม</a> <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2551" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="พ.ศ. 2551">พ.ศ. 2551</a></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เคอร์เนล (คอมพิวเตอร์)">ชนิดเคอร์เนล</a></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monolithic_kernel&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Monolithic kernel (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">Monolithic kernel</a></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ลิขสิทธิ์ซอฟต์แวร์">ลิขสิทธิ์</a></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;">เคอร์เนล: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a></td></tr>
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<b>ลินุกซ์</b> (Linux) และรู้จักในชื่อ <b>กนู/ลินุกซ์</b> (GNU/Linux) โดยทั่วไปเป็นคำที่ใช้ในความหมายที่หมายถึง<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ระบบปฏิบัติการแบบยูนิกซ์">ระบบปฏิบัติการแบบยูนิกซ์</a> โดยใช้<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล">ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล</a> เป็นศูนย์กลางทำงานร่วมกับ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ไลบรารี">ไลบรารี</a>และเครื่องมืออื่น ลินุกซ์เป็นตัวอย่างหนึ่งในฐานะ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ซอฟต์แวร์เสรี">ซอฟต์แวร์เสรี</a> และซอฟต์แวร์<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="โอเพนซอร์ส">โอเพนซอร์ส</a>ที่ประสบความสำเร็จและมีชื่อเสียง ทุกคนสามารถดูหรือนำโค้ดของลินุกซ์ไปใช้งาน, แก้ไข, และแจกจ่ายได้อย่างเสรี ลินุกซ์นิยมจำหน่ายหรือแจกฟรีในลักษณะเป็นแพคเกจ โดยผู้จัดทำจะรวม<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ซอฟต์แวร์">ซอฟต์แวร์</a>สำหรับใช้งานในด้านอื่นเป็นชุดเข้าด้วยกัน</div>
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เริ่มแรกของของลินุกซ์พัฒนาและใช้งานในเฉพาะกลุ่มผู้ที่สนใจ ซึ่งในปัจจุบันลินุกซ์ได้รับความนิยมเนื่องมาจากระบบการทำงานที่เป็นอิสระ ปลอดภัย เชื่อถือได้ และราคาต่ำ จึงได้มีการพัฒนาจากองค์กรต่าง ๆ เช่น <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ไอบีเอ็ม">ไอบีเอ็ม</a> <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ฮิวเลตต์-แพคการ์ด">ฮิวเลตต์-แพคการ์ด</a> และ <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="โนเวลล์ (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">โนเวลล์</a> ใช้สำหรับในระบบ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เซิร์ฟเวอร์">เซิร์ฟเวอร์</a>และ<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="พีซี">พีซี</a> เริ่มแรกลินุกซ์พัฒนาสำหรับใช้กับเครื่อง<a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A5_386_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="อินเทล 386 ไมโครโพรเซสเซอร์ (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">อินเทล 386 ไมโครโพรเซสเซอร์</a> หลังจากที่ได้รับความนิยมปัจจุบัน ลินุกซ์ได้พัฒนารับรองการใช้งานของระบบสถาปัตยกรรมคอมพิวเตอร์ในระบบต่าง ๆ รวมถึงในโทรศัพท์มือถือ และ<a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="กล้องวีดีโอ (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">กล้องวีดีโอ</a></div>
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ลินุกซ์มี<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="สัญญาอนุญาต">สัญญาอนุญาต</a>แบบ <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="GPL">GPL</a> ซึ่งเป็นสัญญาอนุญาตที่กำหนดให้ผู้ที่นำโค้ดไปใช้ต้องใช้สัญญาอนุญาตแบบเดิมต่อคือใช้สัญญาอนุญาต GPL เช่นเดียวกัน ซึ่งลักษณะสัญญาอนุญาตแบบนี้เรียกว่า <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">
เนื้อหา</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ซ่อน</a>] </span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">ประวัติ</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.81.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">การอ่านออกเสียง</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.83.E0.B8.8A.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">การใช้งาน</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.AA.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.9A.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">ส่วนแบ่งการตลาด</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B1.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">การติดตั้ง</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.82.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B8.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.8B.E0.B9.8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">การเขียนโปรแกรมบนลินุกซ์</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B9.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B4.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">ดูเพิ่ม</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">อ้างอิง</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.82.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ประวัติ">แก้</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B4">ประวัติ</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 308px;">
<table cellspacing="0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 304px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="thumbimage" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="image" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Richard_Matthew_Stallman_cropped.jpeg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ริชาร์ด สตอลแมน (ซ้าย) ผู้ก่อตั้ง โครงการกนู, และ ลินุส โตร์วัลดส์ (ขวา) ผู้ให้กำเนิด ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล"><img alt="ริชาร์ด สตอลแมน (ซ้าย) ผู้ก่อตั้ง โครงการกนู, และ ลินุส โตร์วัลดส์ (ขวา) ผู้ให้กำเนิด ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล" height="191" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Richard_Matthew_Stallman_cropped.jpeg/150px-Richard_Matthew_Stallman_cropped.jpeg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a></td><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 2px;"></td><td class="thumbimage" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="image" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Linus_Torvalds_cropped.jpeg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ริชาร์ด สตอลแมน (ซ้าย) ผู้ก่อตั้ง โครงการกนู, และ ลินุส โตร์วัลดส์ (ขวา) ผู้ให้กำเนิด ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล"><img alt="ริชาร์ด สตอลแมน (ซ้าย) ผู้ก่อตั้ง โครงการกนู, และ ลินุส โตร์วัลดส์ (ขวา) ผู้ให้กำเนิด ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล" height="191" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Linus_Torvalds_cropped.jpeg/150px-Linus_Torvalds_cropped.jpeg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ริชาร์ด สตอลแมน">ริชาร์ด สตอลแมน</a> (ซ้าย) ผู้ก่อตั้ง <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="โครงการกนู">โครงการกนู</a>, และ <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ลินุส โตร์วัลดส์">ลินุส โตร์วัลดส์</a>(ขวา) ผู้ให้กำเนิด <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล">ลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนล</a></div>
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ผู้เริ่มพัฒนาลินุกซ์ เคอร์เนลเป็นคนแรก คือ <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ลินุส โตร์วัลดส์">ลินุส โตร์วัลดส์</a> (Linus Torvalds) <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ประเทศฟินแลนด์">ชาวฟินแลนด์</a> เมื่อสมัยที่เขายังเป็นนักศึกษาคอมพิวเตอร์ ที่<a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="มหาวิทยาลัยเฮลซิงกิ (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">มหาวิทยาลัยเฮลซิงกิ</a> โดยแรกเริ่ม <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ริชาร์ด สตอลแมน">ริชาร์ด สตอลแมน</a> (Richard Stallman) ได้ก่อตั้ง<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="โครงการกนู">โครงการกนู</a>ขึ้นในปี <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2526" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="พ.ศ. 2526">พ.ศ. 2526</a> จุดมุ่งหมายโครงการกนู คือ ต้องการพัฒนาระบบปฏิบัติการคล้าย<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ยูนิกซ์">ยูนิกซ์</a>ที่เป็น<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ซอฟต์แวร์เสรี">ซอฟต์แวร์เสรี</a>ทั้งระบบ ราวช่วง<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2533" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="พ.ศ. 2533">พ.ศ. 2533</a> โครงการกนูมี<a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="ส่วนโปรแกรม (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">ส่วนโปรแกรม</a>ที่จำเป็นสำหรับระบบปฏิบัติการเกือบครบทั้งหมด ได้แก่ <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="คลังโปรแกรม">คลังโปรแกรม</a> (Libraries) <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="คอมไพเลอร์">คอมไพเลอร์</a> (Compiler) <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="โปรแกรมแก้ไขข้อความ (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">โปรแกรมแก้ไขข้อความ</a>(Text Editor) และ<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เปลือกระบบยูนิกซ์">เปลือกระบบยูนิกซ์</a>(Shell) ซึ่งขาดแต่เพียง<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เคอร์เนล">เคอร์เนล</a>(Kernel) เท่านั้น ใน<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2533" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="พ.ศ. 2533">พ.ศ. 2533</a> โครงการกนูได้พัฒนาเคอร์เนลชื่อ <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurd&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Hurd (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">Hurd</a> เพื่อใช้ในระบบกนูซึ่งในขณะนั้นมีปัญหาเกี่ยวกับความเร็วในการประมวลผล</div>
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ใน<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2534" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="พ.ศ. 2534">พ.ศ. 2534</a> โตร์วัลดส์เริ่มโครงการพัฒนาเคอร์เนล ขณะศึกษาในมหาวิทยาลัยแล้ว โดยอาศัย <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minix&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Minix (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">Minix</a> ซึ่งเป็นระบบที่คล้ายกับ Unix ซึ่งมากับหนังสือเรื่องการออกแบบระบบปฏิบัติการ มาเป็นเป็นต้นแบบในการเขียนขึ้นมาใหม่โดย Torvalds เขาพัฒนาโดยใช้ <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IA-32&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="IA-32 (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">IA-32</a> <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assembler&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Assembler (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">assembler</a> และ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ภาษาซี">ภาษาซี</a> คอมไพล์เป็นไฟล์ไบนารี่และบูทจากแผ่น<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ฟลอปปี้ดิสก์">ฟลอปปี้ดิสก์</a> เขาได้พัฒนามาเรื่อยๆจนกระทั่งสามารถบูทตัวเองได้ (กล่าวคือสามารถคอมไพล์ภายในลินุกซ์ได้เลย) และในปัจจุบันมีนักพัฒนาจากพันกว่าคนทั่วโลกได้เข้ามามีส่วนรวมในการพัฒนาโครงการ <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Eric S. Raymond (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">Eric S. Raymond</a> ได้ศีกษากระบวนการพัฒนาดังกล่าวและเขียนบทความเรื่อง <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></div>
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ในรุ่น 0.01 นี้ถือว่ามีเครื่องมือที่เพียงพอสำหรับระบบ <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=POSIX&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="POSIX (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">POSIX</a> ที่ใช้เรียก ลินุกซ์ ที่รันกับ กนู <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_Shell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bash Shell">Bash Shell</a> และมีการพัฒนาอย่างต่อเนื่องและอย่างรวดเร็ว</div>
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โตร์วัลดส์ยังคงมุ่งมั่นพัฒนาระบบต่อไป ซึ่งต่อมาก็สามารถรันบน <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> และมีการเลือกนกเพนกวินที่ชื่อ Tux ให้เป็นตัวนำโชคหรือ Mascot ของระบบลินุกซ์</div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การอ่านออกเสียง">แก้</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.81.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.87">การอ่านออกเสียง</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Ubuntu_10.04_screenshot.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="129" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ubuntu_10.04_screenshot.png/220px-Ubuntu_10.04_screenshot.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Ubuntu_10.04_screenshot.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="ขยาย"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
หน้าจอคอมพิวเตอร์ของลินุกซ์ <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="อูบุนตุ">อูบุนตุ</a></div>
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ในขณะที่ในไทยใช้คำว่า "ลินุกซ์" ในหลายประเทศที่ใช้ภาษาอังกฤษเป็นหลักนิยมออกเสียงเป็น "ลินิกซ์" หรือ "ไลนิกซ์" โดยพยางค์ท้ายอ่านเหมือนพยางค์ท้ายของคำว่า"ยูนิกซ์" โดยลินุส โตร์วัลดส์ผู้ที่คิดค้นลินุกซ์ได้กล่าวไว้ว่า "li" อ่านเหมือนเสียงสระอิ /ɪ/ และ "nux" อ่านเสียงสระเหมือนเสียง /ʊ/ ซึ่งคล้ายเสียง "อุ" ในภาษาไทย ในอินเทอร์เน็ตมีไฟล์ที่เก็บคำพูดของโตร์วัลดส์ ที่พูดว่า "Hello, this is Linus Torvalds, and I pronounce Linux as Linux"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> เก็บไว้เนื่องจากมีการโต้เถียงกันมากในเรื่องการออกเสียง</div>
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เพราะทุกคนเข้าใจตรงกันว่าหมายถึงอะไร</div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การใช้งาน">แก้</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.83.E0.B8.8A.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99">การใช้งาน</span></h2>
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การใช้งานดั้งเดิมของลินุกซ์ คือ ใช้เป็นระบบปฏิบัติการสำหรับเครื่องเซิร์ฟเวอร์ แต่จากราคาที่ต่ำ ความยืดหยุ่น พื้นฐานจากยูนิกซ์ ทำให้ลินุกซ์เหมาะกับงานหลาย ๆ ประเภท</div>
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ลินุกซ์ ถือเป็นส่วนสำคัญของซอฟต์แวร์เซิร์ฟเวอร์ที่เรียกว่า LAMP ย่อมาจาก Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python ซึ่งเป็นที่นิยมใช้เป็น<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เว็บเซิร์ฟเวอร์">เว็บเซิร์ฟเวอร์</a> และพบมากสุดระบบหนึ่ง ตัวอย่างซอฟต์แวร์ซึ่งพัฒนาสำหรับระบบนี้คือ <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="มีเดียวิกิ">มีเดียวิกิ</a> ซอฟต์แวร์สำหรับวิกิพีเดีย</div>
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เนื่องจากราคาที่ต่ำและการปรับแต่งได้หลากหลาย ลินุกซ์ถูกนำมาใช้ใน<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ระบบฝังตัว">ระบบฝังตัว</a> เช่นเครื่องรับสัญญาณโทรทัศน์ <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="โทรศัพท์มือถือ">โทรศัพท์มือถือ</a> และอุปกรณ์พกพาต่าง ๆ ลินุกซ์เป็นคู่แข่งที่สำคัญของ <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ซิมเบียนโอเอส">ซิมเบียนโอเอส</a> ซึ่งใช้ในโทรศัพท์มือถือจำนวนมาก และใช้แทน<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="วินโดวส์ โมบาย">วินโดวส์ซีอี</a> และ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ปาล์มโอเอส">ปาล์มโอเอส</a> บนเครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์พกพา เครื่องบันทึกวีดิโอก็ใช้ลินุกซ์ที่ดัดแปลงเป็นพิเศษ <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ไฟร์วอลล์">ไฟร์วอลล์</a>และ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เราเตอร์">เราเตอร์</a>หลายรุ่น เช่นของ <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linksys&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Linksys (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">Linksys</a> ใช้ลินุกซ์และขีดความสามารถเรื่องทางเครือข่ายของมัน</div>
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ระยะหลังมีการใช้ลินุกซ์เป็นระบบปฏิบัติการของ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ซูเปอร์คอมพิวเตอร์">ซูเปอร์คอมพิวเตอร์</a>มากขึ้น ในรายชื่อซูเปอร์คอมพิวเตอร์ TOP500 ของเดือนพฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2548 เครื่องซูเปอร์คอมพิวเตอร์ที่เร็วที่สุดสองอันดับแรกใช้ลินุกซ์ และจาก 500 ระบบ มีถึง 371 ระบบ (คิดเป็น 74.2%) ให้ลินุกซ์แบบใดแบบหนึ่ง</div>
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เครื่องเล่นเกม <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="โซนี่">โซนี่</a> <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เพลย์สเตชัน 3">เพลย์สเตชัน 3</a> ที่ออกในปี พ.ศ. 2549 รันลินุกซ์ โซนียังได้ปล่อย PS2 Linux สำหรับใช้กับ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เพลย์สเตชัน 2">เพลย์สเตชัน 2</a> อีกด้วย ผู้พัฒนาเกมอย่าง <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atari&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Atari (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">Atari</a> และ <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Id_Software&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Id Software (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">id Software</a> ก็เคยออกซอฟต์แวร์เกมบนลินุกซ์มาแล้ว</div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ส่วนแบ่งการตลาด">แก้</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.AA.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.9A.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.94">ส่วนแบ่งการตลาด</span></h2>
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ส่วนแบ่งการตลาดในปัจจุบันของลินุกซ์มีเพิ่มมากขึ้น สอดคล้องจากรายงานการวิจัยจาก Company IDC ในปี พ.ศ. 2545 โดย 25% ของเซิร์ฟเวอร์ และ 2.8% ของ <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="คอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคล">คอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคล</a>ทำงานระบบลินุกซ์ เนื่องจากคุณสมบัติต่าง ๆ ของลินุกซ์ ฟรี และระบบความปลอดภัยสูง ทำให้ลินุกซ์เป็นระบบปฏิบัติการที่เติบโตสูงที่สุดในปัจจุบัน<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="เนื้อหาของประโยคหรือวลีนี้ต้องการแหล่งอ้างอิงที่น่าเชื่อถือ">[<i><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="วิกิพีเดีย:ต้องการอ้างอิง">ต้องการอ้างอิง</a></i>]</span></sup></div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การติดตั้ง">แก้</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B1.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.87">การติดตั้ง</span></h2>
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<a class="internal" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Gldt.svg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="ขยาย"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
รายการลินุกซ์ดิสทริบิวชัน (ดิสโทร) ทั้งหมด</div>
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การติดตั้งโดยทั่วไป จะติดตั้งผ่าน<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ซีดี">ซีดี</a>ที่มีโปรแกรมบรรจุอยู่ในแผ่นซึ่งแผ่นซีดีนั้นสามารถหามาได้หลายวิธี เช่นสามารถ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เบิร์น">เบิร์น</a>ได้จาก <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISO_image&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="ISO image (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">ISO image</a> ที่ดาวน์โหลดจากอินเทอร์เน็ต หรือสามารถหาซื้อซีดีได้ในราคาถูกโดยอาจจะซื้อรวมหรือแยกพร้อมกับคู่มือ เนื่องจากสัญญาอนุญาตของโปรแกรมเป็นแบบ <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="GPL">GPL</a> ลินุกซ์จากผู้จัดทำบางตัวเช่น <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เดเบียน">เดเบียน</a> สามารถติดตั้งได้จากโปรแกรมขนาดเล็กผ่าน<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ฟลอปปีดิสก์">ฟลอปปีดิสก์</a> ซึ่งเมื่อติดตั้งส่วนหนึ่งสำเร็จ ตัวโปรแกรมของมันเองจะดาวน์โหลดส่วนอื่นเพิ่มขึ้นมาผ่านทางอินเทอร์เน็ต หรือสำหรับบางตัวเช่น<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="อูบุนตุ">อูบุนตุ</a> สามารถทำงานได้ผ่านซีดีโดยติดตั้งใน<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="แรม">แรม</a>ในช่วงที่เปิดเครื่อง</div>
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การทำงานของลินุกซ์สามารถติดตั้งได้ในเครื่อง<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เซิร์ฟเวอร์">เซิร์ฟเวอร์</a>หรือเครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์ที่มีสมรรถนะสูง จนถึงเครื่องที่สมรรถนะต่ำ ที่ไม่มีฮาร์ดไดรฟ์หรือมีแรมน้อยโดยทำงานเป็น<a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="เครื่องไคลเอนต์ (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">เครื่องไคลเอนต์</a>โดยที่เครื่องไคลเอนต์ สามารถบูตและเรียกใช้งานโปรแกรมต่างๆผ่านทางเน็ตเวิร์กจากเครื่อง<a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="เทอร์มินอลเซิร์ฟเวอร์ (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">เทอร์มินอลเซิร์ฟเวอร์</a> ซึ่งวิธีการนี้ยังคงช่วยให้ประหยัดเวลาในการติดตั้งโปรแกรม เพราะติดตั้งเพียงเครื่องเดียวที่เทอร์มินอลเซิร์ฟเวอร์ รวมถึงราคาของเครื่องไคลเอนต์ที่ไม่จำเป็นต้องมีสมรรถภาพสูงซึ่งมีราคาถูกกว่าเครื่องทั่วไป</div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การเขียนโปรแกรมบนลินุกซ์">แก้</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.82.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B8.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.8B.E0.B9.8C">การเขียนโปรแกรมบนลินุกซ์</span></h2>
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ส่วน <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC) สนับสนุนการเขียนภาษาโปรแกรมที่สำคัญ เช่น <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ภาษาซี">ภาษาซี</a> <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ภาษาซีพลัสพลัส">ภาษาซีพลัสพลัส</a> และ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ภาษาจาวา">ภาษาจาวา</a> รวมถึงภาษาอื่น ๆ รวมถึงมี <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="IDE">IDE</a> จำนวนมาก ซึ่งได้แก่ <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vim">Vim</a> <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eclipse&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Eclipse (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">Eclipse</a> <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KDevelop&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="KDevelop (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">KDevelop</a> <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjuta&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Anjuta (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">Anjuta</a></div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ดูเพิ่ม">แก้</a>]</span><div>
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</div>นายฟิวส์หมูอ้วนhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02572710182644492856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2443760600788278572.post-28319917937724955452012-01-25T18:49:00.001-08:002012-01-25T18:49:16.382-08:00<b></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: large;">ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับระบบปฏิบัติการ DOS หรือ MS-DOS</span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ระบบปฏิบัติการหรือโปรแกรมควบคุมระบบ</span></b><span style="color: blue; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">( Operating System หรือ OS ) คือ ส่วนทีสำคัญของซอฟแวร์ระบบ ซึ่งจะจัดการดำเนินการพื้นฐานของเครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์ เป็นชุดคำสั่งที่ต้องมีใช้กับคอมพิวเตอร์ทุกเครื่อง โปรแกรมควบคุมระบบที่ใช้กับเครื่องไมโครคอมพิวเตอร์ที่รู้จักกัน เช่น MS-DOS ( Microsoft Disk Operating System ) Windows 95/98/NT, PC-DOS ฯลฯ มีหน้าที่ดังนี้ คือ</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">เป็นตัวกลางระหว่างผู้ใช้กับเครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์โดยผ่ายอุปกรณ์รับข้อมูล และแสดงผลข้อมูล เช่น แป้นพิม์ จอภาพ เครื่องพิมพ์</span></li>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">จัดการติดต่อและควบคุมอุปกรณ์รับและแสดงผลข้อมูล เช่น แป้นพิมพ์ จอภาพ เครื่องพิมพ์</span></li>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">จัดการแบ่งหน่วยความจำสำหรับระบบและผู้ใช้งาน พร้อมทั้งจัดการเกี่ยวกับแฟ้มข้อมูล</span></li>
</ol>
<b></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">การเริ่มต้นทำงานของระบบปฏิบัติการดอส</span></b><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ก่อนที่เครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์จะทำงานได้นั้นต้องทำการนำโปรแกรมจัดระบบงาน DOS เข้าสู่หน่วยความจำของเครื่องเสียก่อน เราเรียกวิธีการนี้ว่า Boot DOS มี 2 วิธีคือ</span><br />
<span style="font-family: CordiaUPC; font-size: large;"></span><ol><span style="font-family: CordiaUPC; font-size: large;"></span><ol><span style="font-family: CordiaUPC; font-size: large;"><b>
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<li><b><span style="color: magenta; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">Cold Boot</span></b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> คือการเปิดเครื่องด้วยสวิตช์ปิดเปิดเครื่อง (power)</span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
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<b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> 2 </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">Worm Boot </span></b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">คือ จะใช้วิธีนี้ในขณะที่เครื่องเปิดอยู่ ในกรณีที่เครื่องค้าง (Hank) เครื่องไม่ทำงานตามที่เราป้อนคำสั่งเข้าไป การบูทเครื่องแบบนี้สามารถกระทำได้อยู่ 2 วิธีคือ</span>
<dl><dd><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">1. กดปุ่ม Reset</span></dd><dd><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">2. กดปุ่ม Ctrl+Alt+Del พร้อมกัน แล้วปล่อยมือ</span></dd><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">การ Boot จากแผ่นดิสก์ มีขั้นตอนดังนี้</span></b></dl>
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<b></b><ul><ul>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">นำแผ่น DOS ใส่ Drive A แล้วเปิดสวิตซ์เครื่อง รอสักครู่จะปรากฏไฟแดงที่ช่องขับจานแม่เหล็กช่อง A แสดงว่ากำลังอ่าน และถ่ายทอดข้อมูลเข้าสู่หน่วยความจำของเครื่อง และเมื่อไฟแดงที่ช่องขับจานแม่เหล็กดับ จะมีข้อความปรากฏที่หน้าจอตามรูปแบบ ดังนี้</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">CURRENT DATE IS JAN 01-01-01</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ENTER NEW DATE (MM-DD-YY)</span></b></blockquote>
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<b></b><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">หมายความว่า วันที่ในเครื่อง คือ วันจันทร์ที่ 1 เดือนมกราคม 2544 ถ้าถูกต้องตรงตามวันที่ใช้งาน ให้กดปุ่ม Enter ได้เลย ถ้าไม่ถูกต้องก็ให้ใส่ วันที่ปัจจุบันลงไปตามที่กำหนด คือ</span><br />
<b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">MM</span></b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> หมายถึง เลขที่ของเดือน ( 1-12 )</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"><b>DD</b> หมายถึง วันที่ปัจจุบัน ( 1-31 )</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"><b>YY</b> หมายถึง ปี ค.ศ.</span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">เมื่อเติมวันที่ หรือ กดปุ่ม Enter ผ่านไป จะมีข้อความปรากฏที่หน้าจอ ดังนี้</span><br />
<b> <span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">CURRENT TIME IS 08:30:15.15</span></b><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> ENTER NEW TIME: ( HH-MM-SS )</span></div>
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</b><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">หมายความว่า นี้เวลาในเครื่อง คือ 8 นาฬิกา 30 นาที 15 วินาที ถ้าถูกต้องตรงตามเวลาที่ใช้งาน ให้กดปุ่ม Enter ได้เลย ถ้าไม่ถูกต้องก็ให้ใส่ เวลาปัจจุบันลงไปตามที่กำหนด คือ</span><br />
<b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">HH</span></b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> หมายถึง เวลาเป็นชั่วโมง</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">MM</span></b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> หมายถึง เวลาเป็นนาที</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">SS</span></b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> หมายถึง เวลาเป็นวินาที (แต่ไม่จำเป็นต้องเติมเพราะเครื่องจะคำนวณให้อัตโนมัติ)</span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">เมื่อเติมเวลา หรือ กดปุ่ม Enter ผ่านไป เครื่องก็จะขึ้นเครื่องหมาย A:> ที่หน้าจอ สัญลักษณ์นี้เรียกว่า A Prompt</span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"><b>A</b> หมายถึง ขณะนี้เครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์กำลังติดต่อกับช่องขับจานแม่เหล็ก A อยู่ ถ้าหากเครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์ของเรามีฮาร์ดดิสก์และมีโปรแกรม DOS บรรจุอยู่ จะเห็นเป็นสัญลักษณ์เป็น C:> คือช่องขับจานแม่เหล็กช่อง C นั่นเอง</span><br />
<b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">Prompt</span></b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> หมายถึง สัญลักษณ์ที่แสดงว่าเครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์พร้อมที่จะปฏิบัติงานแล้ว เครื่องหมาย Prompt นี้ สามารถเปลี่ยนรูปแบบตามต้องการได้ คือ Prompt แล้วตามด้วยสัญญลักษณ์ต่อไปนี้</span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">$ คือ ตัวอักษร g คือ เครื่องหมาย ></span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">t คือ เวลา l คือ เครื่องหมาย <</span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">d คือ วัน b คือ เครื่องหมาย :</span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">p คือ ระบบปฏิบัติการ q คือ เครื่องหมาย =</span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">v คือ หมายเลขรุ่น e คือ เครื่องหมาย -</span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">n คือ ตัวอักษรที่แสดงชื่อไดร์ฟ h คื่อ การลบตัวอักษรท้ายไป</span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">เหลือแต่เคอร์เซอร์</span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ตัวอย่าง เช่น </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"></span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"><b>C:\>PROMPT $ SOMCHAI กด ENTER</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ผลคือ </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> <b>SOMCHAI</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">หรือ </span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">SOMCHAI PROMPT $P$G กด ENTER</span></b><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ผลคือ </span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">C:\></span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">การ Boot จากฮาร์ดดิสก์ มีขั้นตอนดังนี้</span></b><br />
<b></b><ul><b></b><ul><b></b>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">เปิดเครื่องโดยไม่ต้องใส่แผ่นดิสก์ใน Drive A</span></li>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">DOS จะถูก Boot จาก Drive C: แทน ภายหลัง Boot จาก Drive C เสร็จแล้ว จะปรากฏสัญลักษณ์ C:\></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<img border="0" height="146" src="http://www.chandra.ac.th/office/ict/document/it/it01/images/boot-fromHDD1.jpg" width="420" /></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;">ภาพแสดงตัวอย่างการบูตจากฮาร์ดดิสก์</span></b></div>
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">หลังจากที่มีการ <b>Boot DOS </b>เสร็จแล้ว เราสามารถใช้คำสั่งโปรแกรมจัดระบบงาน DOS ทำงานได้ทันที แต่ผู้ใช้ควรต้องรู้จักปรับปรุงคำสั่งรวมทั้งพิมพ์รูปแบบคำสั่งรวมทั้งพิมพ์รูปแบบคำสั่งให้ถูกต้อง เพราะถ้าพิมพ์คำสั่งไม่ถูกต้อง เครื่องจะไม่รู้จัก และจะปฏิบัติตามคำสั่งไม่ได้ และจะปรากฏข้อความว่า</span><br />
<b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">" BAD COMMAND OR FILE NAME "</span></b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ถ้าเครื่องปรากฏข้อความดังกล่าวให้ผู้ใช้ปฏิบัติดังนี้ คือ</span><br />
<ol><ol>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">สำรวจดูว่าคำสั่งดังกล่าวพิมพ์ถูกต้องหรือไม่ หรือ</span></li>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">รูปแบบคำสั่งที่ใช้ถูกต้องหรือไม่</span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">เมื่อผู้ใช้ทำการสำรวจข้อผิดพลาดดังกล่าวแล้ว ให้แก้ไขให้ถูกต้อง เครื่องก็จะปรากฏเครื่องหมาย A:\> หรือ C:\</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">การออกไปยัง MS-DOS Prompt ใน Windows95</span><br />
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<br /></div>
</b><ol><b></b>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">เริ่มที่เมนู Start</span></li>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ลือกที่ Programs</span></li>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">เลือกที่ MS-DOS Prompt ดังรูปต่อไปนี้</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><div align="center">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"><b>แสดงการเลือกเมนู เริ่ม start และคลิกเลือก MS-DOS Prompt</b></span></div>
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<img border="0" height="349" src="http://www.chandra.ac.th/office/ict/document/it/it01/images/Msdos.jpg" width="515" /></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> <img border="0" height="349" src="http://www.chandra.ac.th/office/ict/document/it/it01/images/Msdos.jpg" width="515" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"><b>แสดงหน้าจอของ MS-DOS Prompt ของ Windows98</b></span></div>
<b></b><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">MS-DOS</span></b><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;"> จะประกอบด้วยไฟล์ต่าง ๆ จำนวนมากที่ทำงานประสานกัน เราจัดประเภทไฟล์ใน MS-DOS ออกเป็น 2 ประเภท คือ</span><br />
<ol><ol>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ประเภทไฟล์โปรแกรม</span></li>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ประเภทไฟล์ข้อความ</span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ตัวอย่างไฟล์มีหลายกลุ่มดังนี้</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<ul><ul>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ไฟล์โปรแกรมที่เขียนด้วยภาษาเบสิก ชื่อไฟล์จะมีส่วนขยายหรือนามสกุลด้วย .</span></li>
<li><span style="color: navy; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: medium;">ไฟล์คำสั่ง ชื่อไฟล์จะมีส่วนขยายลงท้ายด้วย .COM, EXE, SYS เช่น FORMAT.COM, HIMEM.SYS,CHKDSK.EXE เป็นต้น</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>นายฟิวส์หมูอ้วนhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02572710182644492856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2443760600788278572.post-2781021252021945282012-01-25T18:43:00.001-08:002012-01-25T18:43:27.929-08:00<br />
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<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="หน้านี้ได้ถูกล็อกจากการแก้ไขโดยผู้ใช้ใหม่หรือผู้ที่ไม่ได้ลงทะเบียน"><img alt="หน้านี้ได้ถูกล็อกจากการแก้ไขโดยผู้ใช้ใหม่หรือผู้ที่ไม่ได้ลงทะเบียน" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Padlock-silver-medium.svg/20px-Padlock-silver-medium.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></a></div>
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<b>ซอฟต์แวร์</b> (<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">software</span>) หรือ <b>ส่วนชุดคำสั่ง</b> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> หรือบางครั้งมีการสะกดว่า <b>ซอฟท์แวร์</b> เป็นส่วนของระบบ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="คอมพิวเตอร์">คอมพิวเตอร์</a>ที่ใช้ในการจัดเก็บและประมวลผลข้อมูล ซอฟต์แวร์นั้นนอกจากจะสามารถใช้งานบนคอมพิวเตอร์ได้แล้ว ยังสามารถใช้งานบนเครื่องใช้ หรืออุปกรณ์อื่น เช่น <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="โทรศัพท์มือถือ">โทรศัพท์มือถือ</a> หรือ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="หุ่นยนต์">หุ่นยนต์</a>ในโรงงาน หรือเครื่องใช้ไฟฟ้าต่าง ๆ คำว่า "ซอฟต์แวร์" ใช้ครั้งแรกโดย <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="จอห์น ดับเบิลยู. เทอร์กีย์ (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">จอห์น ดับเบิลยู. เทอร์กีย์</a> (John W. Turkey) ในปี <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2500" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="พ.ศ. 2500">พ.ศ. 2500</a> (ค.ศ. 1957) โดยแนวคิดของซอฟต์แวร์ปรากฏครั้งแรกใน<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เรียงความ">เรียงความ</a>ของ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="แอลัน ทัวริง">แอลัน ทัวริง</a> บิดาของ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="วิทยาการคอมพิวเตอร์">วิทยาการคอมพิวเตอร์</a> กล่าวกันว่าโปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์ชิ้นแรกของโลกเขียนโดย<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เอดา ไบรอน">เอดา ไบรอน</a> เป็นโปรแกรมที่ใช้สำหรับ<a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="เครื่องวิเคราะห์ (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">เครื่องวิเคราะห์</a> (analytical engine) ของ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ชาร์ลส แบบเบจ">ชาร์ลส แบบเบจ</a></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">
เนื้อหา</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ซ่อน</a>] </span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.98.E0.B9.8C.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.AE.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C.E0.B8.94.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">ความสัมพันธ์กับฮาร์ดแวร์</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A0.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.8B.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.9F.E0.B8.95.E0.B9.8C.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">ประเภทของซอฟต์แวร์</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.8B.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.9F.E0.B8.95.E0.B9.8C.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C_.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A_.E0.B9.84.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">ซอฟต์แวร์ กับ ไลบรารี</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">อ้างอิง</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C#.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B9.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B4.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">ดูเพิ่ม</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.98.E0.B9.8C.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.AE.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C.E0.B8.94.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C">ความสัมพันธ์กับฮาร์ดแวร์</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-indent: 3em;">
ซอฟต์แวร์ เป็นชื่อเรียกเพื่อใช้เปรียบต่างกับ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="อุปกรณ์คอมพิวเตอร์">ฮาร์ดแวร์</a> ซึ่งเป็นลักษณะทางกายภาพในการเก็บและประมวลผลของซอฟต์แวร์ ในคอมพิวเตอร์ซอฟต์แวร์จะถูกเรียกใช้งานใน<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="แรม">แรม</a>และประมวลผลผ่าน<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ซีพียู">ซีพียู</a></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A0.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.8B.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.9F.E0.B8.95.E0.B9.8C.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C">ประเภทของซอฟต์แวร์</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Firefox3.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="198" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/th/thumb/8/8e/Firefox3.png/220px-Firefox3.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Firefox3.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="ขยาย"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
หน้าจอของโปรแกรมประยุกต์ เว็บเบราว์เซอร์<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ไฟร์ฟอกซ์">ไฟร์ฟอกซ์</a></div>
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การแบ่งประเภทของซอฟต์แวร์แบ่งออกได้เป็นหลายแบบ เช่น</div>
<ol style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">การแบ่งเชิงเทคนิค อาจแบ่งซอฟต์แวร์เป็น 3 ประเภทหลักคือ<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ซอฟต์แวร์ระบบ">ซอฟต์แวร์ระบบ</a> (System/Infrastructure software) ใช้ในการทำให้คอมพิวเตอร์ฮาร์ดแวร์ทำงานกับระบบคอมพิวเตอร์ได้ โดยรวมถึง<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ระบบปฏิบัติการ">ระบบปฏิบัติการ</a> <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="ไดรเวอร์ (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">ไดรเวอร์</a>และระบบหลักของคอมพิวเตอร์ต่าง ๆ</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="โปรแกรมประยุกต์">โปรแกรมประยุกต์</a> หรือซอฟต์แวร์ประยุกต์ (Application software) ช่วยให้ผู้ใช้งานสามารถดำเนินงานต่าง ๆ โดยทั่วไปเช่น <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="โปรแกรมสำนักงาน">โปรแกรมสำนักงาน</a> <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ฐานข้อมูล">ฐานข้อมูล</a><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="คอมพิวเตอร์เกม">คอมพิวเตอร์เกม</a> <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เว็บเบราว์เซอร์">เว็บเบราว์เซอร์</a> โดยโปรแกรมประยุกต์จะมี<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="จียูไอ">จียูไอ</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="โปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์">โปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์</a> (Tools/Utilities) ประกอบไปด้วยเครื่องมือช่วยให้<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="โปรแกรมเมอร์">โปรแกรมเมอร์</a>เขียนโปรแกรมอื่น ๆ หรือโปรแกรมประยุกต์ได้ เครื่องมือต่าง ๆ ประกอบไปด้วย <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="คอมไพเลอร์">คอมไพเลอร์</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="อินเตอร์พรีเตอร์">อินเตอร์พรีเตอร์</a> <a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="ดีบักเกอร์ (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">ดีบักเกอร์</a></li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">การแบ่งตามรูปแบบการส่งมอบ แบ่งได้เป็น 2 กลุ่มคือ<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="ซอฟต์แวร์สำเร็จรูป (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">ซอฟต์แวร์สำเร็จรูป</a> (Package software) ซอฟต์แวร์ที่มีการขาย ให้เช่า หรือให้บริการ โดยคิดค่าบริการเป็น transaction หรือ license</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="ซอฟต์แวร์ที่พัฒนาเงินเดือน (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">ซอฟต์แวร์ที่พัฒนาเงินเดือน</a> (Outsources software development) เป็นการออกแบบและพัฒนาซอฟต์แวร์เพื่อใช้งานเฉพาะกับงานประเภทต่าง ๆ เฉพาะกิจกรรมไป ส่วนใหญ่ลิขสิทธิ์ของซอฟต์แวร์นี้จะเป็นของผู้ที่ว่าจ้างให้พัฒนาขึ้น</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">การแบ่งตามประเภทของการนำไปใช้งานหลัก แบ่งได้เป็น 3 กลุ่มคือ<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="ซอฟต์แวร์ช่วยในการบริหารจัดการทั่วไป (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">ซอฟต์แวร์ช่วยในการบริหารจัดการทั่วไป</a> (Enterprise software) เป็นซอฟต์แวร์ที่ใช้กับการทำงานเพื่อแก้ปัญหา/จัดการทรัพยากรของ บุคคล/องค์กร เช่น ซอฟต์แวร์บัญชี ซอฟต์แวร์จัดทำเอกสาร เป็นต้น</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="ซอฟต์แวร์สำหรับอุปกรณ์พกพาขนาดเล็ก (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">ซอฟต์แวร์สำหรับอุปกรณ์พกพาขนาดเล็ก</a> (Mobile applications software) เป็นซอฟต์แวร์ที่ทำงานผ่านระบบปฏิบัติการพิเศษบนอุปกรณ์ขนาดเล็ก เช่น โทรศัพท์มือถือ PDA โดยสามารถแบ่งเป็นกลุ่มใหญ่ๆ ได้ 2 กลุ่ม คือ (1) ซอฟต์แวร์เพื่อสนับสนุนธุรกรรมทางธุรกิจ (Business applications) เช่น Mobile banking, Mobile payment, GPS on Mobile, Mobile applications for business process management และ(2) ซอฟต์แวร์ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับนันทนาการและบันเทิง (Entertainment applications) ซึ่งรวมเกมบนโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="ซอฟต์แวร์สมองกลฝังตัว (หน้านี้ไม่มี)">ซอฟต์แวร์สมองกลฝังตัว</a> (Embedded System Software) เป็นซอฟต์แวร์ซึ่งฝังอยู่ไว้ในอุปกรณ์อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ต่างๆ เพื่อใช้สำหรับควบคุมการทำงานของอุปกรณ์นั้นๆ เช่น ระบบ GPRS ระบบทำความเย็นอัจริยะ ระบบตรวจสอบย้อนกลับ เป็นต้น</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.8B.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.9F.E0.B8.95.E0.B9.8C.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C_.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A_.E0.B9.84.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B5">ซอฟต์แวร์ กับ ไลบรารี</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-indent: 3em;">
ซอฟต์แวร์แตกต่างกับ<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ไลบรารี">ไลบรารี</a> คือซอฟต์แวร์สามารถนำมาประมวลผลได้ด้วยตัวเอง ในขณะที่ไลบรารีเป็นส่วนประกอบของซอฟต์แวร์และไม่สามารถนำมาใช้ประมวผลด้วยตนเองได้</div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87">อ้างอิง</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12px; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C#cite_ref-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> ศัพท์บัญญัติราชบัณฑิตยสถาน (มักเข้าใจผิดกันว่าราชบัณฑิตยสถานบัญญัติคำว่า <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ละมุนภัณฑ์">ละมุนภัณฑ์</a> ซึ่งไม่ถูกต้อง)</li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B9.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B4.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A1">ดูเพิ่ม</span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="อุปกรณ์คอมพิวเตอร์">ฮาร์ดแวร์</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="วิศวกรรมซอฟต์แวร์">วิศวกรรมซอฟต์แวร์</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="กระด้างภัณฑ์และละมุนภัณฑ์">กระด้างภัณฑ์และละมุนภัณฑ์</a></li>
</ul>
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fcfcfc; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(144, 160, 176); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(144, 160, 176); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(144, 160, 176); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(144, 160, 176); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: both; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 30px; width: 1155px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" width="40px"><a class="image" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Nuvola_apps_password.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Nuvola apps password.png" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nuvola_apps_password.png/20px-Nuvola_apps_password.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></a></td><td align="left" style="color: dimgrey;">บทความ <b>ซอฟต์แวร์</b> อาจรู้จักในชื่อ ซอฟท์แวร์</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="notice metadata plainlinks" id="stub" style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">
<a class="image" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Crystal_Clear_app_kpackage.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Crystal Clear app kpackage.png" height="35" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Crystal_Clear_app_kpackage.png/35px-Crystal_Clear_app_kpackage.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="35" /></a> <i>บทความเกี่ยวกับ<strong class="selflink">ซอฟต์แวร์</strong> หรือ <a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="โปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์">โปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์</a>นี้ยังเป็น<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="วิกิพีเดีย:โครง">โครง</a> คุณสามารถช่วยวิกิพีเดียได้โดย<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">เพิ่มข้อมูล</a></span></i></div>
</div>
<div class="catlinks" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 2px; clear: both; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: left;">
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<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="พิเศษ:หมวดหมู่">หมวดหมู่</a>: <ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
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<li id="n-.E0.B8.96.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.B3.E0.B8.96.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ถามคำถาม</a></li>
<li id="n-.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">บทความคัดสรร</a></li>
<li id="n-.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.B8.E0.B8.93.E0.B8.A0.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.9E" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">บทความคุณภาพ</a></li>
<li id="n-currentevents" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ค้นหาเหตุการณ์ปัจจุบัน">เหตุการณ์ปัจจุบัน</a></li>
<li id="n-randompage" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a accesskey="x" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="สุ่มหน้าขึ้นมา [alt-x]">สุ่มบทความ</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="portal expanded" id="p-.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.AA.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A1" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 11px; margin-right: 9px; margin-top: -11px; padding-bottom: 0.25em !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0.25em !important;">
<h5 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #4d4d4d; cursor: default; font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 1.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 4px; width: auto;" tabindex="2">
มีส่วนร่วม</h5>
<div class="body" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li id="n-portal" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="เกี่ยวกับโครงการ สิ่งที่คุณทำได้ และวิธีการค้นหา">ศาลาประชาคม</a></li>
<li id="n-recentchanges" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a accesskey="r" href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="รายการปรับปรุงล่าสุดในวิกินี้ [alt-r]">ปรับปรุงล่าสุด</a></li>
<li id="n-.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B9.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.83.E0.B8.8A.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">เรียนรู้การใช้งาน</a></li>
<li id="n-contact" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="วิธีการติดต่อวิกิพีเดีย">ติดต่อวิกิพีเดีย</a></li>
<li id="n-sitesupport" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:Landingcheck?landing_page=WMFJA085&language=th&utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20101204SB002" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="สนับสนุนเรา">บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</a></li>
<li id="n-help" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ข้อแนะนำการใช้และแก้ไขวิกิพีเดีย">วิธีใช้</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="portal collapsed" id="p-coll-print_export" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 11px; margin-right: 9px; margin-top: -11px; padding-bottom: 0.25em !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0.25em !important;">
<h5 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0645ad; cursor: default; font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 1.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 4px; width: auto;" tabindex="3">
พิมพ์/ส่งออก</h5>
</div>
<div class="portal collapsed" id="p-tb" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 11px; margin-right: 9px; margin-top: -11px; padding-bottom: 0.25em !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0.25em !important;">
<h5 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0645ad; cursor: default; font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 1.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 4px; width: auto;" tabindex="4">
เครื่องมือ</h5>
</div>
<div class="portal expanded" id="p-lang" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 11px; margin-right: 9px; margin-top: -11px; padding-bottom: 0.25em !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0.25em !important;">
<h5 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #4d4d4d; cursor: default; font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 1.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 4px; width: auto;" tabindex="5">
ภาษาอื่น</h5>
<div class="body" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li class="interwiki-af" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagteware" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Afrikaans</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-als" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Alemannisch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-an" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Aragonés</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ar" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">العربية</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-arz" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">مصرى</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ast" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_d%27ordenador" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Asturianu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-az" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Azərbaycanca</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bat-smg" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruogram%C4%97n%C4%97_%C4%ABronga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Žemaitėška</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-be" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Беларуская</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-be-x-old" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bg" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Български</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bn" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">বাংলা</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-br" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meziant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Brezhoneg</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bs" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softver" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Bosanski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ca" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Català</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-cs" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Česky</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-cy" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meddalwedd" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Cymraeg</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-da" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerprogram" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Dansk</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-de" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Deutsch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-el" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Ελληνικά</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-en" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">English</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-eo" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programaro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Esperanto</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-es" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Español</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-et" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkvara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Eesti</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-eu" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Euskara</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fa" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">فارسی</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fi" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohjelmisto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Suomi</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fo" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Føroyskt</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiciel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Français</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ga" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogearra%C3%AD" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Gaeilge</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-gd" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathar-bog" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Gàidhlig</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-gl" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Galego</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-gu" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ગુજરાતી</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-he" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">עברית</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hi" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">हिन्दी</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programska_podr%C5%A1ka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Hrvatski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hsb" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Hornjoserbsce</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hu" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szoftver" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Magyar</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ia" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmatura" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Interlingua</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-id" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ilo" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Ilokano</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-is" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Íslenska</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-it" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Italiano</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-iu" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%95%BF%E1%91%A6%E1%91%90%E1%96%85_%E1%96%83%E1%95%86%E1%91%95%E1%90%85%E1%94%AD%E1%90%85%E1%91%89_%E1%91%8E%E1%91%8E%E1%95%8B%E1%95%90%E1%95%95%E1%96%93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ja" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">日本語</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kk" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Қазақша</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kn" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ko" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">한국어</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ku" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nermalav" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Kurdî</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-la" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmatura_computratralis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Latina</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lb" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lmo" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prugramadura" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Lumbaart</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ln" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A1mbwisi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Lingála</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lo" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%8C%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%8C%E2%80%8D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ລາວ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lt" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programin%C4%97_%C4%AFranga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Lietuvių</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lv" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmat%C5%ABra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Latviešu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mg" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rindrankajy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Malagasy</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mhr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Олык Марий</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mk" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Македонски</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ml" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">മലയാളം</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mn" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Монгол</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">मराठी</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ms" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-my" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nds" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Plattdüütsch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ne" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">नेपाली</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-new" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">नेपाल भाषा</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nl" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Nederlands</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nn" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvare" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Norsk (nynorsk)</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-no" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvare" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Norsk (bokmål)</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-oc" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logicial" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Occitan</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pl" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprogramowanie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Polski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pnb" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">پنجابی</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pt" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Português</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-qu" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamp%27u_kaq" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Runa Simi</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ro" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Română</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ru" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Русский</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-rue" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8F" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Русиньскый</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sah" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Саха тыла</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-scn" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Sicilianu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sh" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softver" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-si" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">සිංහල</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-simple" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Simple English</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sk" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softv%C3%A9r" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Slovenčina</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sl" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programska_oprema" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Slovenščina</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-so" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Soomaaliga</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sq" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Shqip</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Српски / Srpski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sv" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Svenska</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ta" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">தமிழ்</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-te" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">తెలుగు</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tl" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Tagalog</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Türkçe</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tt" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Татарча/Tatarça</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-uk" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Українська</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ur" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9_%D9%84%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">اردو</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-vec" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programatura" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Vèneto</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-vi" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Tiếng Việt</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-war" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Winaray</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-yi" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ייִדיש</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-zh" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">中文</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-zh-min-nan" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%84g-th%C3%A9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-zh-yue" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;"><a href="http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">粵語</a></li>
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</div>นายฟิวส์หมูอ้วนhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02572710182644492856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2443760600788278572.post-57201562624143289462012-01-25T18:38:00.001-08:002012-01-25T18:38:40.997-08:00<br />
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<tr><td bgcolor="#000000"> <strong><span style="color: white; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">การเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก</span></strong></td></tr>
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<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="text_normal" style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="color: darkred; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><br /><span style="font-family: 'MS Sans Serif';"><span style="color: darkred; font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">โลกเป็นดาวเคราะห์ที่ไม่เคยหยุดนิ่ง มีการเคลื่อนไหวและเปลี่ยนแปลงตลอดเวลาทั้งส่วน ที่เป็นบรรยากาศห่อหุ้มโลกและส่วนที่ประกอบอยู่ภายในของโลก อันเป็นผลมาจากอิทธิพลของการหมุนของโลกรอบดวงอาทิตย์ และรอบตัวเอง รวมไปถึงการที่โลกยังร้อนอยู่ภายในมีทฤษฎีหลายทฤษฎี ที่อธิบายถึงการเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">ทฤษฎีการเคลื่อนที่</span></div>
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<tr><td><span style="color: darkred; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><strong>ทฤษฎีวงจรการพาความร้อน (Convection current theory)</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"> กล่าวไว้ว่าการหมุนเวียนของกระแสความร้อนภายในโลก มีลักษณะเช่นเดียวกับการเดือดของน้ำในแก้ว กล่าวคือโลกส่งผ่านความร้อนจากแก่นโลกขึ้นมาสู่ชั้นแมนเทิล ซึ่งมีลักษณะเป็นของไหลที่มีสถานะกึ่งแข็งกึ่งเหลว และผลักดันให้สารในชั้นนี้หมุนเวียนจากส่วนล่างขึ้นไปสู่ส่วนบนส่งผลให้เปลือกโลกซึ่งเป็นของแข็งปิดทับอยู่บนสุดเกิดการแตกเป็นแผ่น (Plate) และเคลื่อนที่ในลักษณะเข้าหากัน แยกออกจากกัน และไถลตัวขนานออกจากกัน</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><img src="http://www.dmr.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/dmr_web/images/info/info2_12.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">การไหลเวียนของกระแสความร้อนภายในโลก</span></div>
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<tr><td><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: darkred; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><strong>ทฤษฎีทวีปเลื่อน(Continental Drift Theorly)</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"> ในปี ค.ศ.1915 นักวิทยาศาสตร์ชาวเยอรมันชื่อ alfred Wegenerได้เสนอสมมติฐานทวีปเลื่อนขึ้น และได้รับการยอมรับในปี ค.ศ.1940 สมมติฐานกล่าวไว้ว่า เมื่อราว 250 ล้านปีก่อน ทวีปต่าง ๆ เคยติดกันเป็นทวีปขนาดใหญ่เรียกว่า พันเจีย (Pangea) ต่อมามีการเคลื่อนตัวแยกออกจากกัน จนมาอยู่ในตำแหน่งปัจจุบัน หลักฐานที่เชื่อว่าแผ่นทวีปเคลื่อนที่นี้คือ ในปัจจุบันได้พบชนิดหิน ที่เกิดในสภาวะแวดล้อมเดียวกันแต่อยู่คนละทวีปซึ่งห่างไกลกันมากหินอายุเดียวกัน ที่อยู่ต่างทวีปกันมีรูปแบบสนามแม่เหล็กโลกโบราณคล้ายคลึงกัน และขอบของทวีปสามารถเชื่อมตัวประสานแนบสนิทเข้าด้วยกันได้</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: darkred; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><strong>ทฤษฎีเปลือกโลกใต้มหาสมุทรแยกตัว (Sea Floor Spreading Theory)</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"> จากปรากฎการณ์การแตกตัวและแยกออกจากกันของแผ่นเปลือกโลกภาคพื้นทวีปและใต้มหาสมุทรสัมพันธ์กับการเคลื่อนไหว การเกิดหมู่เกาะภูเขาไฟ การเกิดแนวเทือกเขากลางมหาสมุทร การขยายตัว และการเกิดใหม่ของมหาสมุทร ทำให้เกิดสมมติฐานและกลายเป็นทฤษฎีนี้ขึ้นเพื่ออธิบายปรากฎการณ์ต่าง ๆ เหล่านั้นและการเคลื่อนตัวของแผ่นเปลือกโลกต่าง ๆ</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><img src="http://www.dmr.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/dmr_web/images/info/info2_13.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">ขอบเขตและการกระจายตัวของแผ่นเปลือกโลก</span></div>
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<tr><td><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: darkred; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><strong>ทฤษฎีการเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก(plate Tectonic Theory)</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"> เกิดจากการนำทฤษฎีทวีปเลื่อนและทวีปแยกมารวมกันตั้งเป็นทฤษฎีใหม่ขึ้นมาโดยกล่าวไว้ว่าเปลือกโลกทั้งหมดแบ่งออกเป็นแผ่นที่สำคัญ จำนวน 13 แผ่น โดยแต่ละแผ่นจะมีขอบเขตเฉพาะได้แก่ แผ่นอเมริกาเหนือ อเมริกาใต้ ยูเรเซีย แอฟริกา อินเดีย แปซิฟิก แอนตาร์กติก ฟิลิปปินส์ อาหรับ สกอเทีย โกโก้ แคริเบียน และนาซก้าแผ่นเปลือกโลกทั้งหมดไม่หยุดหนิ่งอยู่กับที่จะมีการเ เคลื่อนที่ตลอดเวลาใน 3 แบบ ได้แก่การเคลื่อนที่เข้าหากัน แยกออกจากกัน และไถลตัวขนานออกจากกันซึ่งผลของการเคลื่อนที่ของเปลือกโลกทำให้เกิดปรากฎการณ์ต่าง ๆ ขึ้น เช่น แผ่นดินไหว เทีอกเขา ภูเขาไฟ และกระบวนการเกิดแร่และหิน</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><strong>ลักษณะการเคลื่อนที่ของแผ่นเปลือกโลก</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="text_normal" style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><img src="http://www.dmr.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/dmr_web/images/info/info2_14.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><img src="http://www.dmr.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/dmr_web/images/info/info2_16.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">แผ่นเปลือกโลกใต้เคลื่อนที่เข้าหากัน</span></div>
</td><td><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">แผ่นเปลือกโลกเคลื่อนที่แยกตัวออกจากกันและเข้าหากัน</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><img src="http://www.dmr.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/dmr_web/images/info/info2_15.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><img src="http://www.dmr.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/dmr_web/images/info/info2_17.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">แผ่นเปลือกโลกเคลื่อนที่เข้าหากัน</span></div>
</td><td><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">แผ่นเปลือกโลกเคลื่อนที่ไถลตัวขนานแยกออกจากกัน</span></div>
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<tr><td><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><strong>การเดินทางของอนุทวีปไทย</strong></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><img src="http://www.dmr.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/dmr_web/images/info/info2_18.jpg" /></span></div>
</td><td><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><img src="http://www.dmr.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/dmr_web/images/info/info2_19.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">เมื่อ465ล้านปีก่อนดินแดนประเทศไทยยัง แยกตัวอยู่ใน 2 อนุทวีปฉานไทย(ส่วนของภาคเหนือลงไปถึงภาคตะวันออกและภาคใต้) และอนุทวีปอินโดจีน (ส่วนของภาคอิสาน) อนุทวีปทั้งสองขณะนั้นยังเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของผืนดินกานด์วานา (ดัดแปลงจาก Burrett et al,1990,Metcafe,1997)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">ต่อมาประมาณ 400-300 ล้านปีก่อนดินแดนประเทศไทยทั้งส่วนอนุทวีปฉานไทยและอนุทวีปอินโดจีน ได้เคลื่อนที่แยกตัวออกจากผืนแผ่นดินกอนด์วานา แล้วหมุนตัวตามเข็มนาฬิกาขึ้นไปทางเหนือ (ดัดแปลงจาก<br />Bunopas,1981,Burrett,1990,Metcafe,1997)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><img src="http://www.dmr.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/dmr_web/images/info/info2_20.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"><img src="http://www.dmr.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/dmr_web/images/info/info2_21.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">เมื่อประมาณ 220 ล้านปีก่อนอนุทวีปฉานไทยได้ชนกับอนุทวีปอินโดจีนรวมกันเป็นอนุทวีปที่เป็นปัจจุบันเรียกว่าคาบสมุทรมลายูแล้วไปรวมกับจีนตอนใต้รวมกันเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของทวีปเอเชีย (ดัดแปลงจาก Bunopas,1981,Meteafe,1997)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">จากนั้นประเทศไทยในคาบสมุทรมลายูได้เคลื่อนที่<br />มาอยู่ในตำแหน่งปัจจุบัน</span></div>
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